World Autism Awareness Day: 2nd April 2025
Did you know that this year marks the 18th World Autism Awareness Day? It's a global effort to encourage countries around the world to raise awareness about autism and uphold the human rights of autistic individuals.
So, what is autism?
The United Nations describes autism as a lifelong neurological condition that manifests early in childhood. It doesn’t discriminate—it affects people of all genders, races, and backgrounds. Autism is often characterized by unique ways of interacting socially, learning, and communicating, as well as specific interests, a preference for routines, and differences in sensory processing. The autistic spectrum refers to a range of characteristics in neurological variation that may require appropriate support, accommodation, and acceptance to ensure equal opportunity and full participation in societal life.
How common is autism?
Globally, about 1 in 100 people are autistic, according to the World Health Organization. However, more recent studies suggest the numbers may be higher. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. reported in 2023 that autism affects 1 in 45 people there, with similar findings from UCL’s research in the UK.
What causes autism?
Even after decades of research, we still don’t have all the answers. Some outdated and harmful theories—like the "Refrigerator Mother" theory or linking autism to childhood schizophrenia or extreme male brain traits—have been debunked. Today, researchers focus on genetic, environmental, and prenatal factors, but there’s still a lot to learn.
Is autism a disability?
Yes, in many places, including the UK, under the Equality Act 2010, autism is recognized as a disability. This offers legal protection against discrimination.
While the medical model views autism as a condition that needs diagnosis and treatment, this perspective has its pros and cons. In this model, autism is seen as a disorder intrinsic to the individual. While criticized for pathologizing autistic individuals, it can help us understand how autism can severely impact one’s functioning and limit their participation in society. It also helps validate and address medical issues many autistic people experience, such as sensory overload, hyper-flexibility, autoimmune issues, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal problems, epilepsy, and anxiety, to name a few.
However, the medical model should not overshadow the social model, which sees disability as a result of barriers between individual characteristics and societal structures. The social model of disability is crucial for supporting autistic people as it shifts the focus from individual deficits to societal barriers. It emphasizes how environmental, social, and cultural factors limit participation for autistic individuals, advocating for inclusive practices, accommodations, and acceptance rather than attempting to "fix" the “defective individual.” Combining both models validates hardships while recognizing and valuing autistic strengths and diversity.
The stigma challenge
Sadly, misunderstanding, stereotypes, and societal ignorance still lead to discrimination against autistic individuals. Autistic individuals often face exclusion, bullying, and marginalization due to their unique communication, behaviour, and sensory processing differences. These forms of discrimination can occur in various settings, including schools, workplaces, and social environments, leading to negative impacts on self-esteem and mental health. The stigma surrounding autism perpetuates harmful stereotypes, limiting opportunities for education, employment, and social integration. Overcoming autism-related discrimination requires promoting awareness, acceptance, and respect for neurodiversity, as well as fostering inclusive environments where individuals with autism can thrive and contribute meaningfully to society.
The paradigm shift: Neurodivergence and the neuro-affirmative approach
The concepts of neurodivergence and the neuro-affirmative approach counteract the harms caused by societal pathologizing autism, stigma, and discrimination experienced by autistic people. Neurodivergence is a term used to denote natural differences in how people's brains work, including conditions like autism, ADHD, and dyslexia. Autism is a neurodivergence or neurotype involving unique ways of sensing, communicating, and thinking. Instead of seeing autism as a problem, it highlights strengths like creativity, problem-solving, and attention to detail. The neuro-affirmative approach challenges deficit-based models that view neurodivergent conditions, such as autism or ADHD, as problems to be fixed. Instead, it focuses on understanding, respecting, and supporting neurodivergent individuals by emphasizing their strengths, autonomy, and lived experiences.
Mental health support
Autism itself doesn’t harm mental health, but societal pressures and harmful interventions aiming to “normalize” autistic individuals can. Many autistic people benefit from mental health services that understand their unique needs. Listening to and collaborating with autistic individuals is key to providing effective support. A neuro-affirmative approach prioritizes respect, autonomy, and supportive practices, ensuring well-being without stigmatization. Mental health services are vital in addressing co-occurring conditions like anxiety and sensory overload. Neuro-affirmative care—tailored therapies, sensory-friendly spaces, and trauma-informed approaches—supports emotional well-being and resilience.
From awareness to pride
Some believe it’s time to move beyond “awareness” and focus on “acceptance.” That’s why, alongside World Autism Awareness Day, we also have Autistic Pride Day on 18th June. This day encourages autistic individuals to be proud of their unique qualities and abilities, challenging societal stereotypes and fostering greater understanding. The goal is to shift the narrative from viewing autism as something to be "fixed" to recognizing it as a part of the rich diversity of human experience. For many in the autism community, Autistic Pride is about rejecting stigma and ableism, advocating for acceptance in all areas of life, and affirming the value of neurodivergent perspectives.
So, as we mark World Autism Awareness Day this year, let’s remember: it’s not just about raising awareness—it’s about creating a more inclusive and accepting world for everyone.
